ALS, or Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, is a rare disorder that involves the death of neurons that control voluntary muscles. Descriptions of the disease date back to the early 19th century. French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot was the first to describe the underlying neurological conditions, before introducing the term ‘ALS’. Lou Gehrig, an American baseball player, was diagnosed followed by English theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking. ALS research progresses, with the identification of defects on chromosome 21 and the SOD1 gene, the drug Riluzole to extend the life of patients and the discovery of a protein mutation that causes ALS. In Europe and the U.S., ALS affects one in 50,000, but rates are unknown in most of the world, prompting the Ice Bucket challenge, raising public awareness and donations. Today, the ALS association leads the fight to find a cure.